EFD介紹及EFD之實例驗證

勢流科技 資深CAE工程師 杻家慶（Jason Niu）
 
熱設計 http://www.93ssc.com
Agenda
 Introduction of EFD
 Key technologies of EFD
 Application in EFD
 EFD之實例驗證
 
Introduction of EFD
What is EFD??
 EFD指的是Engineering Fluid Dynamics
 EFD是一套簡單易學的熱流分析軟件
 對于工程師在CFD分析背景的要求較低
 直接將CAD模型導入CFD的概念，使設計工程師可以在設計前期找到最佳化的模型
 EFD是一套專為改善研發設計前端的熱流分析軟件

Typical Development Costs

EFD Product Family
 EFD. Lab： 使用solidworks接口
 EFD. Pro：使用Pro/ENGINEER接口
 EFD.V5： 使用CATIA V5接口
 EFD. Flexx：適合使用不同CAD軟件的user，可直接利用floating的方式到不同的CAD接口

Key Technologies of EFD
 DC3 –直接將CAD的模型導入CFD的概念
 RAM –矩形網格自動生成
 MWF –改良邊界層的計算函數
 LTTM –層流漸變到紊流的精確計算模式
 ACC –自動收斂控制
 DVA –參數化設計分析
 EUI –工程師使用平臺

Direct CAD to CFD Foundation
 直接使用PRO/E、solidworks、CATIA建立模型
 自動區分固體與流體空間
 自動檢查內流場與外流場區域，無須在CAD中建立流場區域

Rectangular Adaptive Meshing
 自動對流體與固體區域劃分網格
 自動針對物理特性與外型特征進行網格加密
 No “black box” approach亦可利用參數控制網格的生成Base mesh Refine mesh

Modified Wall Function
 接近邊界層的網格采用partial cells技術定義
 物理修正流動與熱傳現象的邊界層效應的模擬EFD simulation Experiment

Laminar–Transitional–Turbulent Modelling
 采用改良邊界層的計算函數直接仿真層流與紊流的現象
 不須指定流體的特征，即可在同一個模型仿真出由層流 漸變流 紊流的現象

Automatic Convergence Control
 使用者可以針對模型選擇某面、某對象、計算域的任何變量作收斂控制
 使用者可以針對具代表性的方程式作收斂控制
 不須作任何數值方法的控制即可完成收斂

Design Variant Analysis
 采用” what-if ”的設計概念，直接利用參數對模型進行優化設計
 優化模型可直接被CAD采用

Engineering User Interface
 Easy-to-use：采用CAD平臺直接進行CAE模擬
 Easy-to-learn：以工程師角度設計，使用工程師語言，讓工程師容易學習
 深入的結果解析與圖形顯示功能
 直接產生MS-Office格式的報告

These features are available for the Electronics module users only.

Electronic Database
 增加電子產品相關數據庫
 包含material、Fan curve、Heat pipe、PCB…等

Perforated Plate
 可以選定對象的面設定其為2D Resistance。
 設定其free area ratio與hole shape等

Two-Resistor Component
 利用選定Junction與case對象，以及設定junction 的性質，即可模擬two-resistor component。
Two-Resistor model Normal model

Electrical Condition
 利用設定current、voltage或contact resistance，模擬焦耳熱功問題。

Heat Pipe
 僅須選定heat pipe part，定義加熱端與散熱端，并設定有效熱阻值（effective thermal resistance），即可模擬熱管。

Printed Circuit Board
 PCB（Printed Circuit Board）模塊可以直接設定PCB各層的銅覆蓋率，更方便且精確模
擬PCB散熱情形。

Application in EFD
Simulation of chip thermal state
Thermal model of a chip
kx=ky=Solder and Air 25*25*0.8 mm3 y=0.034; kz=11.2 W/(m*K)
Substrate 25*25*1.14 mm3 kx=ky=9.9; kz=2.95 W/(m*K)
Bump and Underfill 8*7.3*0.07 mm3 kz=5 W/(m*K)
Die 8*7.3*0.86 mm3 Silicon

Surface heat source: 15 W
In considered tasks ambient temperature was set as 20 ??, gravitation and radiation were taken into account

Chip with heat sink and interconnection simulation
PCB has three layers. Thickness of each layer – 0.5 mm.
Interconnection thickness – 50 microns.
Heat sink [°C] 99
Pcb 1 layer [°C] 44
Bump and Underfill [°C] 103
Solder and Air [°C] 87
Substrate [°C] 88
Die [°C] 103
Number of mesh cells 252,724 Computational time ~ 2.1 h

Thermal Management for Projectors

Natural Convection with Radiation
Heat model of headlight
Screen
Headlight
Lamp with power of 30 W
-The heat radiation from the light source;
-The rays penetration through the transparent
bodies;
-The rays reflection from the reflective surfaces;
- Radiation heat exchange between bodies;
- Natural convection process;
- Heat conductivity in solid bodies.

Model of the headlight
Aluminum Headlight
housing
Bulb and
headlight glass
Volume inside the
lamp
Filament
Parabolic reflective surface
  The filament has temperature of 2500 K
  The screen is modeled by the low
conductivity material with emissivity of
0.8
 
Temperature at the screen
  Diameter of the hot spot on the
screen corresponds to the
reflector diameter.
  There is the temperature tail
which corresponds to the natural
convection flow near the screen

Temperature and convection flow field
 
Passenger compartment ventilation
Back face
Pressure 1 bar
Inlet
Air velocity 0.5 m/s

Passenger compartment heat transfer task
Housing material – Stainless Steel
Passenger compartment-Result
Satellite exposure to sun radiation
Trajectory
Re= 6300 km
Ro=48000 km
Heat source 1.5 kW
Satellite material – Aluminum
Emissivity coefficient = 0.7

國防工業
CALCULATION OF F16 AT M=0.6 AND 5o (H~500 m)

建筑業
 建筑流場與太陽輻射分析 機械工業
 壓縮機模擬
 控制閥模擬

機械工業
 Water mixer
 Heat exchanger
EFD 模擬與實驗比較

 感謝不具名的客戶提供
Agenda
  前言
  實際案例測試
 Case 1
 Case 2
 Case 3 & 4
(Thermal performance prediction of design changed)
 
前言
  熱流數值仿真于近年來在電子3C產業之研發中使用越發頻繁，如何快速、準確的預估是研發(R&D)工程師首重考慮之部分。而目前市面上各軟件商無不發展適合工程師使用之熱流數值仿真軟件。
  熱流數值仿真軟件之選擇，首重于研發體系中熱流模擬階段所占之重要性，以及即將使用此軟件之工程師共同試用后之評價。
  最后先透過兩個舊案進行數值分析與實驗之比較，了解軟件之功能與實際應用之狀況。另外再透過一個開發中之案件協助工程進行判斷依客戶要求減輕重量而減少鰭片數量后對效能之影響，提供快速的結果比較。另外一探討不同階段模型對于趨勢預測之影響。
產品實際案例Case 1
PQ-fan
分析的設定如下:
1.發熱瓦數62W
2.環溫42℃
3.cpu與sink間無建構grease
4.風扇使用PQ曲線分析所需時間:
1.建構與設定分析模型:
20min (不含3D pro/e檔建構)
2.求解: 約2hr
3.后處理: 20min
 
Case 1 simulation result
5% error
產品實際案例Case 2
PQ-fan
分析的設定如下:
1.發熱瓦數115W
2.環溫35℃
3.cpu與sink間無建構grease
4.風扇使用PQ曲線分析所需時間:
1.建構與設定分析模型: 40min(不含3D pro/e檔建構)
2.求解: 約3.5hr
3.后處理: 25min
 
Case 2 simulation result
4% error
△T ofheat-pipe isabout6 oC
Thermal performance prediction of design
changed
 
Agenda
  Purpose
  Thermal Experiment
  Simulation result
  Discussion
  The influence of fan duct
Purpose
  Due to the weight of cooler, reduce the fin number to reduce the weight.
  Use the thermal fluid analysis tool EFD.PRO to evaluate the temperature difference before mockup .
  Software validation test also.
 
Model drawing
Origin: 112 fins Modified: 84 fins
Thermal Experiment
  Thermal test platform and test sample
LGA775 TTV 8025 axialfan Heatsink case 3 & case 4
Assem bly sam ple
Fan duct
Fan cover
 
Simulation model
  Ta=35 oC
  CPU Power =65W
  Fan =P-Q fan with 4500RPM
Fan (flow) direction is bottom to top Simulation
domain CPU
Simulation result of Model 1 (Origin) Surface plot Temperature section plot Vector plot Temperature section plot
 
Simulation result of Model 2
(fin number reduced)
Surface plot Temperature section plot Vector plot Temperature section plot Temperature comparison
  Section plot of temperature (fix scale)
Temperature difference is about 5oC between two model.
 
Discussion - Data comparison
  The difference between experiment and simulation in absolute value of temperature is about 5oC.
  The thermal resistance difference in two heat sink are 1.80
and 1.73 of experiment and simulation. The trend of simulation is cohere with experimental data.
Improvement of model constriction
  Add a Fan duct to close the real model
 
Flow pattern
  We can see that the flow pattern is quite different. The hot air will not return into heat sink, the result should be more close to real test.
Simulation result
Surface plot Temperature section plot
Vector plot Temperature section plot
 
Temperature result
  Temperature of the simulation with fan duct is close to experimental data. Temperature of the simulation with fan duct is a little higher than experimental. When add a fan cover, the temperature should lower than experimental.
This result is more reasonable.
Conclusion
  配合實驗數據的驗證，證明EFD在進行thermal module的模擬時，具有一定的準確性；加上EFD可以直接將CAD建構的模型進行散熱分析，因此對于近來幾何外型有愈來愈復雜的thermal module而言，不需要做太多的外型簡化，即可仿真，對于增加產品開發的效益有實質的幫助。

 FloEFD資料下載:  EFD介紹及EFD之實例驗證.pdf  

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